Social Media

In a general sense, social media has been around since the beginning of the Internet, but Six Degrees, the first social-networking site, launched in 1997. Marketing professors Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein identify six different types of social media. In their Business Horizons article, “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media,” they named the following:

• collaborative projects (e.g., Wikipedia)
• blogs and microblogs (e.g., Twitter)
• content communities (e.g., YouTube, Flickr)
• social-networking sites (e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram)
• virtual game worlds (e.g., World of Warcraft)
• virtual social worlds (e.g., Second Life)

No discussion of social media is complete without mention of the Internet—the delivery method for all those blog posts, pictures, videos, and Tweets. The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks linked through high-speed, high-volume telephone lines and cables, as well as via Wi-Fi connections. It has come a long way from its start in the 1960s as a vast, indestructible U.S. military computer network that could communicate even when under enemy attack. Today, the Internet is open to everyone and a major destination for information, commerce, entertainment, and communication. In 2019, 90 percent of the U.S. population used the Internet, according to the Pew Research Center. Only 48 percent of Americans were online in 2000.

Revenue is expected to reach $50.86 billion by 2021. Social media has become extremely popular (and a lucrative industry) in recent years. In February 2019, 72 percent of the public used some type of social media, according to the Pew Research Center. Revenue in the social media industry is increasing rapidly. In 2019, worldwide social networking advertising revenue reached $36.14 billion, according to eMarketer. This is a 25.5 percent increase from 2018. Revenue is expected to $50.86 billion by 2021.

The social media industry provides another great benefit: jobs for people with a variety of educational backgrounds and skill sets. There are many rewarding careers in the industry. Social media managers, software engineers and designers, computer programmers, and other computer scientists are in demand, but so are workers with creative backgrounds such as writers, graphic designers, and marketing professionals. Workers with no technical or creative background may find jobs in administration, finance, law, and other areas. 

Several types of companies create and/or utilize social media. Some companies, such as Google offer several types of products and services. For example, Google offers the search engine Chrome and hardware (Pixel, Chromecast, etc.). It also offered the social networking site Google+ until it closed access to personal accounts in 2019. Others, such as Pinterest, specialize in social media. There are also thousands of start-ups that are still seeking to capture the public’s interest or find venture capital funding to build their brands. Companies are located throughout the United States, but often are headquartered in California, the Pacific Northwest, and New York City. Typical departments at these companies include:

• business development
• content creation
• corporate communications
• customer service and support
• data and analytics
• design
• engineering
• finance and administration
• human resources
• information systems and technology (including data security)
• legal affairs
• marketing
• merchandising
• quality assurance
• regulatory affairs
• warehousing/fulfillment.

One thing is certain about the social media industry: the field is growing, and it will offer a wide range of career opportunities for years to come.