Firefighters

High School

Most job opportunities open to firefighters today require applicants to have a high school diploma. Classes in anatomy, physics, biology, chemistry, English, speech, and physical education will be helpful.

Postsecondary Training

Once high school is completed, there are a variety of options available in both two- and four-year degree programs that specifically focus on fire science and emergency medical certificates. Both are extremely helpful when competing for a position.

In most cases, applicants are required to pass written intelligence tests. Some municipalities may require a civil service examination. Formal education is an asset to potential firefighters because part of their training involves a continuous education program, and a person's educational progress may affect future opportunities for advancement.

Many junior and community colleges offer two-year fire-technology programs; degrees are also offered by some four-year colleges. Courses involve the study of physics and hydraulics as they apply to pump and nozzle pressures. Fundamentals of chemistry are taught to provide an understanding of chemical methods of extinguishing fires. Skill in communications—both written and spoken—is also emphasized. The International Fire Service Accreditation Congress offers a list of accredited degree programs on its Web site, https://ifsac.org/for-degree-programs/da-members-accredited-programs.

Beginning firefighters receive a few months of training, either as on-the-job training or through formal fire department training schools. Training is given both in the classroom and in the field, where new firefighters are taught the fundamentals of firefighting, fire prevention, ventilation, emergency medical procedures, hazardous materials control, the use and care of equipment (such as axes, chain saws, and ladders), and general job duties and skills, including search and rescue techniques. Trainees may also be given instruction in local building codes and fire ordinances. Once they complete their training, new firefighters undergo a period of probation.

Firefighter recruits may also train through apprenticeships, which may last up to four years. Apprentice firefighters usually start out on the job as ladder handlers or hose handlers and are given additional responsibilities with training and experience.