Urologists

Medieval "healers" who specialized in the surgical removal of bladder stones could be considered the first urologists. The Spanish surgeon Francisco Diaz is the recognized founder of modern urology, however, due to his 1588 treatises on urethra, bladder, and kidney diseases.

Advancements in urology came during the 19th century, when flexible catheters were invented to examine and empty the bladder. In 1877, Max Nitze developed the lighted cytoscope, which is used to view the interior of the bladder. By the 20th century, diseases of the urinary tract could be diagnosed by X-ray. Technological advancements in the 21st century, including blue light cytoscopy, external beam radiation therapy, and laser and robotic surgery, enable urologists to more precisely diagnose and treat patients.